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Biology Exemplar
Biology Exemplar

Class 11

NCERT Exemplar

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Chapter 1: The Living World

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Chapter 2: Biological Classification

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3

Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom

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Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom

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5

Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

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6

Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

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Chapter 7: Structural Organization in Animals

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Chapter 8: Cell: The Unit of Life

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Chapter 9: Biomolecules

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Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

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11

Chapter 11: Transport in Plants

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Chapter 12: Mineral Nutrition

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Chapter 13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

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Chapter 14: Respiration in Plants

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Chapter 15: Plant Growth and Development

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Chapter 16: Digestion and Absorption

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Chapter 17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

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Chapter 18: Body Fluids and Circulation

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Chapter 19: Excretory Products and their Elimination

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Chapter 20: Locomotion and Movement

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Chapter 21: Neural Control and Coordination

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Chapter 22: Chemical Coordination and Integration

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Question
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Algae are known to reproduce asexually by variety of spores under different environmental conditions. Name these spores and the conditions under which they are produced. Asexual reproduction in algae is very common mean of reproduction.

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Algae and their spores exhibit enormous diversity and they vary greatly in their level of specialisation. Asexual reproduction by spores and their types are described below
(a) By Zoospores These are mobile flagellated spores. In which protoplasm of each vegetative cell undergoes repeated longitudinal division either into 2 or 4 rarely 8 or 16 daughter protoplast. The parent cell loses its flagella, before the onset of division. 
After the last series of division, each daughter protoplast secretes a cell wall and neuromotor apparatus that develops two flagella, eyespots and contractile vacuoles. 
Thus, each of the daughter cell formed resembles the parent cell in all aspects except the small size.
Formation of zoospores is very common under favourable conditions. 
Solution Image
(b) By Aplanospores These are the non-motile spores. They are asexually formed with in a cell, in this the protoplast withdraws itself from the parent wall, rounds up and develops into aplanospores which may either germinate directly or may divide to produce zoospores.
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(c) In this, the protoplasm withdraws from the cell wall, rounds up an develop a thick wall under unfavourable condition. These resting spores are called as hypnospores. They are red in colour due to presence of haematochrome. e.g., Vaucheria, Ulothrix. 
(d) Akinetes These are special vegetative thick walled cells present in the filaments which remain under dorment state and return to germination under favourable condition and can also with stand unfavourable condition as Spirogyra.
(e) Statospores This are thick walled spores produced in diatoms.
(f) Neutral Spores In some algae, the protoplast, of vegetative cells directly functions as spores called as neutral spores (e.g., Ectocarpus). 
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Question Text
Algae are known to reproduce asexually by variety of spores under different environmental conditions. Name these spores and the conditions under which they are produced. Asexual reproduction in algae is very common mean of reproduction.
Updated OnNov 3, 2022
TopicBiological Classification
SubjectBiology
ClassClass 11
Answer TypeText solution:1 Video solution: 1
Upvotes231
Avg. Video Duration7 min