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Discuss with your teacher about:
(i) Haploid insects and lower plants where cell-division occurs
(ii) Some haploid cells in higher plants where cell-division does not occur

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(i) In some insects and lower plants, fertilization is immediately followed by zygotic meiosis, which leads to the production of haploid organisms. This type of life cycle is known as a haplontic life cycle.
(ii) The phenomenon of polyploidy can be observed in some haploid cells in higher plants in which cell division does not occur. Polyploidy is a state in which cells contain multiple pairs of chromosomes than the basic set. Polyploidy can be artificially induced in plants by applying colchicine to cell culture.
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Rigor mortis is a natural process that occurs after death, where the muscles in the body become stiff and unable to stretch. This phenomenon is caused by a series of biochemical changes that take place within the muscle fibers.
  1. The basis of rigor mortis lies in the contraction cycle of muscles. In a living organism, muscle contraction is initiated by the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions bind to the regulatory protein troponin, causing a conformational change that allows the myosin heads to bind to the actin filaments. This interaction between myosin and actin leads to the sliding of the filaments, resulting in muscle contraction.
  2. However, in rigor mortis, the muscle is arrested in a contracted state. This occurs because after death, the supply of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to the muscle fibers is depleted. ATP is required for the detachment of the myosin heads from the actin filaments, allowing the muscle to relax. Without ATP, the myosin heads remain bound to the actin filaments, causing the muscle to remain in a contracted position.
  3. The addition of ATP to muscles in rigor would likely have a significant effect. ATP acts as the energy source for muscle contraction and relaxation. By providing ATP, the myosin heads would be able to detach from the actin filaments, allowing the muscle to relax and return to its normal state. This would reverse the stiffness and inextensibility associated with rigor mortis.
  4. In conclusion, rigor mortis occurs due to the depletion of ATP in muscle fibers after death. This depletion prevents the detachment of myosin heads from actin filaments, resulting in a contracted state. The addition of ATP would likely reverse this process, allowing the muscle to relax and regain its flexibility.
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Question Text
Discuss with your teacher about:
(i) Haploid insects and lower plants where cell-division occurs
(ii) Some haploid cells in higher plants where cell-division does not occur
TopicCell Cycle and Cell Division
SubjectBiology
ClassClass 11
Answer TypeText solution:1
Upvotes13