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The rate of energy expenditure of a typical 70 -kg person at rest is about 70 watts like that of a light bulb.(a) Express this rate in kilojoules per second and in kilocalories per second.(b) How many electrons flow through the mitochondrial electron-transport chain per second under these conditions?(c) Estimate the corresponding rate of ATP production.(d) The total ATP content of the body is about 50 g. Estimate how often an ATP molecule turns over in a personat rest.

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The microbiome of an individual is considered part of the innate immune response due to its crucial role in maintaining a healthy immune system. The innate immune response is the body's first line of defense against pathogens and harmful substances. It is a rapid and non-specific response that provides immediate protection. The microbiome refers to the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that reside in and on the human body. These microorganisms play a vital role in various physiological processes and contribute to the overall health of an individual. One of the key ways in which the microbiome contributes to the innate immune response is by competing with pathogenic microorganisms for resources and space. The presence of beneficial microorganisms in the microbiome helps to prevent the colonization and growth of harmful pathogens. This competition limits the ability of pathogens to establish infections and cause diseases. Additionally, the microbiome plays a crucial role in training and modulating the immune system. It helps to educate the immune cells and ensures that they respond appropriately to different stimuli. The microorganisms in the microbiome interact with immune cells and help to regulate their activity. This interaction helps to maintain a balanced immune response, preventing both excessive inflammation and inadequate immune reactions. Furthermore, the microbiome produces various molecules and compounds that have antimicrobial properties. These substances can directly inhibit the growth and survival of pathogens, further enhancing the innate immune response. Moreover, the microbiome influences the development and maturation of the immune system. During early life, exposure to diverse microorganisms helps to shape the immune system and establish immune tolerance. This early exposure helps to prevent the development of allergies and autoimmune diseases later in life. In summary, the microbiome of an individual is considered part of the innate immune response because it competes with pathogens, trains and modulates the immune system, produces antimicrobial substances, and influences immune system development. Its presence and proper functioning are essential for maintaining a robust and effective innate immune response.
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Question Text
The rate of energy expenditure of a typical 70 -kg person at rest is about 70 watts like that of a light bulb.(a) Express this rate in kilojoules per second and in kilocalories per second.(b) How many electrons flow through the mitochondrial electron-transport chain per second under these conditions?(c) Estimate the corresponding rate of ATP production.(d) The total ATP content of the body is about 50 g. Estimate how often an ATP molecule turns over in a personat rest.
TopicAll topics
SubjectBiology
ClassClass 12