Reptiles are adapted to life on land by________ .a. tough skinb. internal fertilizationc. efficient kidneysd. amniote eggse. both a and cf. all of the above

Key Concepts: Reptiles, Adaptation, Land, Tough Skin, Internal Fertilization, Efficient Kidneys, Amniote Eggs Explanation: Reptiles are a class of animals that includes snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles. They are adapted to life on land in several ways. One adaptation is having a tough skin that helps prevent water loss. Another adaptation is internal fertilization, which allows them to reproduce on land. Reptiles also have efficient kidneys that enable them to conserve water. Finally, reptiles lay amniote eggs, which have a membrane that protects the embryo from drying out and provides it with nutrients. Step by Step Solution: Step 1. Identify the question topic as reptiles and their adaptation to life on land. Step 2. Review each answer option to determine which adaptation is specific to reptiles living on land. Step 3. Option a, 'tough skin', is an adaptation of reptiles to prevent water loss on land. Step 4. Option b, 'internal fertilization', is an adaptation for reproduction on land. Step 5. Option c, 'efficient kidneys', is an adaptation for conserving water on land. Step 6. Option d, 'amniote eggs', is an adaptation for reproduction on land, specifically for providing the embryo with protection and nutrients. Step 7. Option e, 'both a and c', includes two adaptations that allow reptiles to adapt to life on land. Step 8. Option f, 'all of the above', includes all the adaptations listed in the answer choices. Step 9. Given that options a, c, d, and e are specific adaptations of reptiles to life on land, option e is the correct answer. Step 10. Therefore, the final answer is 'e. both a and c.' Final Answer: e. both a and c.