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How did Humans evolve ?

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One group of mammals evolved into the tree-dwelling primates. Primates show several pre-adaptations for human evolution: forward-facing eyes for binocular vision, color vision, grasping hands, and relatively large brains. Between 20 million and 30 million years ago, some primates ascended from the trees; these were the ancestors of apes and humans. The australopithecines arose in Africa about 4 million years ago. These hominids walked erect, had larger brains than did their forbearers, and fashioned primitive tools. One group of australopithecines gave rise to a line of hominids in the genus Homo, which in turn gave rise to modern humans.
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Gas Equation On combining both the laws we conclude that the wolume of a given mass of dry gas waries inversely as the pressune and dinectly as the absolute tempenature. oxygen requires two litres of hydrogen to form litres of water vapour. So, he found that oxygen hydrogen react in the ratio 1:2 (by volume). Who he extended his study to the volumes of other reactip gases, he noted similar simple relationships Consequently, he generalised these observations as the law of combining volumes of gases. or constant If the volume of a given mass of a gas changes from to , pressure from to and temperature from to then, Gay-Lussac's Lar of Combining Volumes When gases react, they do so in volumes which bear a simple ratio to one another, and to the volume of the gaseous product, provided that all the volumes are measured fat the same temperature and pressure. Standard Temperature Pressure (STP) Since the volume of a gas changes remarkably with change of temperature and pressure, it becomes necessary to choose standard values of temperature and pressure to which gas volumes can be referred. The standard values chosen are : or for temperature and atyospheric pressure or or of for pressure. Temperature Scales Note: Gay-Lussac's Law is valid only for gases. The volumes of solids and liquids are considered to be zero. The law may be illustrated by the following examples involving gases or vapours : 1. Reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia Experimentally it is noticed that one volume of nitrogen combined with three volumes of hydrogen gives two volumes of ammonia at the same temperature and pressure. Absolute Scale or Kelvin Scale: A temperature scale with absolute zero (zero kelvin) as the starting point is called the absolute scale or the kelvin scale. Absolute zero Stoichiometry measures quantitative relationships, and is used to determine the amount of products/reactants that are produced/ needed in a given reaction. Describing the quantitative relationships among substances as they participate in chemical reactions is known as reaction stoichiometry. 2 GAY-LUSSAC'S LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES Gay-Lussac (1805) observed that a simple relation ists between the volumes of hydrogen and oxygen, ich react together to form water. Thus, one litre of 70 Thus, the ratio is simple. Formation of carbon dioxide Two volumes of carbon monoxide on combustion with one volume of oxygen gives two volumes of carbon dioxide at the same temperature and pressure. Thus, the ratio is simple. Numericals based on Gay-Lussac's Law Example 1: What volume of oxygen would be required to burn completely of acetylene and what would be the volume of carbon dioxide formed ? Solution : On balancing,
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Question Text
How did Humans evolve ?
TopicHeredity and Evolution
SubjectScience
ClassClass 10
Answer TypeText solution:1
Upvotes119