Question 1

In the following figure of a fruit, label the part that is protective in function and the part that is responsible for producing new plants.

Accepted Answer

Pericarp- Protective in functionSeeds- Produces new plants

Question 2

Apple and cashew are not called true fruits, why ?

Accepted Answer

These fruits are not called true fruits because thalamus which is a part of flower other than ovary takes part in fruit formation. A true fruit is one which develops only from the ovary. Apple and cashew are thus false fruits.

Question 3

Some angiosperm seeds are said to be albuminous, whereas a few others are said to have a perisperm. Explain each with the help of an example.

Accepted Answer

Albuminous seeds retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development. e.g., wheat, maize, barley, castor, sunflower. When remnants of nucellus are persistent it is said to have a perisperm. Example; black pepper, Sugar beet.

Question 4

Draw a sectional view of an apple and label the different parts of an ovary in it. Fruits develop from an ovary. Then why is apple referred to as a false fruit ?

Accepted Answer

A sectional view of an apple- Thalamus also contributes to fruit formation hence apple is referred to as false fruit.

Question 5

Differentiate between pericarp and perisperm.

Accepted Answer

Pericarp - wall of the fruit (which develops from the wall of ovary). Perisperm - persistent residual nucellus.

Question 6

Differentiate between albuminous and non-albuminous seeds, giving one example of each.

Accepted Answer

Albuminous – (with residual) endosperm is not completely used up during embryonic development. e.g., wheat / maize / castor / sunflower. Non albuminous – (with out residual) endosperm is completely consumed during embryonic development. e.g., pea / groundnut.

Question 7

(i) How does a farmer use the dormancy of seeds to his advantage ? (ii) What advantages a seed provides to a plant?

Accepted Answer

(i) Dormancy of mature seeds is crucial for storage of seeds. It can be used by farmers as food throughout the year and also to raise crop in the next season. (ii) Importance of seeds to plants : (a) Seeds have better adaptive strategies for dispersal to new habitats and help the species to colonize in other areas. (b) They have food reserves. So young seedlings are nourished until they are capable of photosynthesis. (c) The hard seed coat protects the young embryo. (d) Being products of sexual reproduction, they generate new genetic combinations leading to variations.

Question 8

Explain any three advantages the seeds offer to angiosperms.

Accepted Answer

(i) Since reproductive processes such as pollination and fertilization are independent of water, seed formation is more dependable. (ii) Seeds have better adaptive strategies for dispersal to new habitats and help the species to colonise in other areas. (iii) As they have sufficient food reserves, young seedlings are nourished until they are capable of photosynthesis on their own. (iv) The hard seed coat provides protection to the young embryo. (v) Being products of sexual reproduction, they generate new genetic combinations / variations. (vi) Dehydration and dormancy of mature seeds are crucial for survival under adverse conditions.

Question 9

(i) Draw a diagram of a sectional view of monocot seed (grain). (ii) Label and write the functions of coleoptile, coleorhiza, endosperm.

Accepted Answer

(i) (ii) Functions : Coleoptile - sheath of plumule / protection of plumule Coleorhiza - sheath of radicle / protection of radicle Endosperm - filled with reserve food materials for nutrition of developing embryo

Question 10

(i) Give one example each of albuminous and non-albuminous seeds. (ii) Name the parts of the ovule and the embryo sac of an angiosperm that develop into :perisperm, seed coats, endosperm, embryonal axis.

Accepted Answer

i) Example : Non-albuminous seed : Pea, bean, mustard. Albuminous seed : Castor, maize, coconut. (ii) (a) Perisperm : Residual persistent nucellus. (b) Seed coats : Integuments. (c) Endosperm : Primary endosperm nucleus. (d) Embryonal axis : Tigellum.

Question 11

A flower of brinjal has 520 ovules in its ovary. However, it produces a fruit with only 480 viable seeds. (i) What could have prevented the rest of the 40 ovules from maturing into viable seeds ? Explain giving a reason. (ii) Describe the development of a dicot embryo in a viable seed. (iii) Why certain angiospermic seeds are albuminous while others are ex-albuminous ? Explain.

Accepted Answer

(i) Less number of pollen grains / less number of male gametes were available / all pollen grains] did not germinate / all pollen grains did not form pollen tubes / many pollen were noncompatible / 40 ovules did not get fertilised / only 480 ovules were fertilised (ii) Zygote divides (mitotically) to give rise to pro embryo, globular, heart shaped, mature embryo . (iii) Albuminous : Endosperm is not completely used up during embryo development / residual endosperm found in the seed Ex-albuminous : Endosperm is completely consumed / no residual endosperm is left in seed.

Question 12

Differentiate between albuminous and exalbuminous seeds.

Accepted Answer

In albuminous seeds, the endosperm tissue persists in the mature seed and is used up at the time of germination. In these seeds. the embryo is minute, whereas in exalbuminous seeds the endosperm is used up during embryo development and tie mature seed does not contain endosperm. In such seeds, the embryo is bulky and food is stored in cotyledons of the seed.

Question 13

In albuminous seeds, food is stored in ________ and in non-albumious seeds, it is stored in ___________.

Accepted Answer

Albuminous seeds are the seeds which have food stored in the special nourishing tissue called as endosperm that remains persistent till maturity. Cotyledons only act as food sucking organs and not food storage organs e.g., Castor seed. Non-albuminous seeds are the seeds which have the stored food and the cotyledons in a special structure called as a kernel. It does not remain until the embryo is mature. e.g. Pea seed.So, the correct option is 'Endosperm, cotyledons'.

Question 14

Seeds are adoptively important because

Accepted Answer

Seeds can remain dormant for many years and germinate on return of favourable conditions. Reproductive process is not dependent on water. Seeds have sufficient food reserves to initiate embryo development and seedling development till the photosynthesis process is initiated. Hard seed coat also protects the embryo from environment extremes. Since seeds are the product of sexual reproduction it promotes diversity. Seeds have better adaptive strategies for dispersal to new habitats & help the species to colonise in other areas.

Question 15

The seed in which endosperm is used by embryo is called __________ seed.

Accepted Answer

Seeds which do not have an endosperm at maturity, are called non-endospermic or Exalbuminous seeds. The endospermic tissues are absorbed during the development of embryo. The absorbed food materials from the endosperm is stored in cotyledons that is why they become so large and fleshy, e.g., Capsella and all dicotyledons. But Castor seed is endospermic.

Question 16

Match the items given in column-I with their examples given in column-II and identify the correct option.Column-I                                        Column-IIA. Coleorhiza                                            I. GrapesB. Food storing tissue                              II. MangoC. Parthenocarpic fruit                             III. MaizeD. Single seeded fruit developing            IV. Radicle from monocarpellary superior ovaryE. Membranous seed coat                        AND. Endosperm

Accepted Answer

Coleorhiza is the sheath that envelops the radicle in certain plants (grass or cereal grain) and that is penetrated by the root in germination. Food storing tissue is endosperm. Endosperm is the part of a seed which acts as a food store for the developing plant embryo. Parthenocarpic fruit produced without the formation of seeds due to lack of pollination, fertilization and embryo development. Example banana, pineapple, orange and grapefruit. Single seeded fruit developing from monocarpellary is mango. Membranous seed coat is present in maize.

Question 17

Albuminous seeds store their reserve food mainly in

Accepted Answer

Endosperm is the nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the embryo in seed plant. Albuminous seeds retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development (e.g., wheat, maize, barley, castor, sunflower).

Question 18

In the embryos of a typical dicot and a grass, true homologous structures are

Accepted Answer

Cotyledons and scutellum are two homologous structures in the embryo of a typical dicot and a grass. Cotyledon is an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed. Scutellum is the large shield like cotyledon of the embryo of certain monocots. It is specialized for the absorption of food from the endosperm.

Question 19

In a seed of maize, scutellum is considered as cotyledon because it

Accepted Answer

In a seed of maize, the scutellum is considered as cotyledon because it absorbs food materials and supplies them to the embryo.

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