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Question
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Solving time: 1 mins

Nucleoside is made up of:

A
Sugar only

B
Phosphate only

C
Sugar and phosphate

D
Sugar and base

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Correct answer is D
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Question 3
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Explain the "on-center-off-surround" receptive field in the retina, including cellular pathways and receptors at each synapse. Start with the retina being in the dark, then explain the "on-center" effect, and finally, explain what "off-surround" cells do to the retinal output. How does the receptive field change when they project centrally to the visual cortex? Please fully and thoroughly answer the question and include pathways and receptors for both on-center off-surround and off-center on-surround. Contrast the difference of when light is on the center and when it's dark on the surround of both on-center off-surround and off-center on-surround. The "on-center-off-surround" receptive field in the retina refers to the arrangement of cells that respond to light stimuli. This arrangement allows for the detection of contrast and edges in visual stimuli. The receptive field consists of two types of cells: "on-center" cells and "off-surround" cells. When the retina is in the dark, both the on-center and off-surround cells are relatively inactive. In this state, the on-center cells have a resting membrane potential, and the off-surround cells are not receiving any inhibitory signals. The "on-center" effect occurs when light is focused on the center of the receptive field. In this case, the on-center cells become activated and generate action potentials. The activation of on-center cells is due to the presence of photoreceptors, such as rods and cones, which convert light into electrical signals. These signals are transmitted to bipolar cells, which then synapse onto the on-center cells. The on-center cells are excited by the release of neurotransmitters from the bipolar cells, leading to depolarization and the generation of action potentials. On the other hand, the "off-surround" cells respond to the absence of light in the surrounding area of the receptive field. When the surround is dark, the off-surround cells become activated. The off-surround cells receive inhibitory signals from horizontal cells, which are responsible for lateral inhibition. This inhibitory input hyperpolarizes the off-surround cells, reducing their firing rate and preventing the transmission of action potentials. When the on-center and off-surround cells project centrally to the visual cortex, the receptive field changes. In the visual cortex, the receptive field becomes more complex and is influenced by inputs from multiple retinal ganglion cells. The receptive field in the visual cortex is organized in a hierarchical manner, with cells responding to increasingly complex visual features. In the on-center off-surround pathway, the receptors involved are the photoreceptors (rods and cones), bipolar cells, and on-center cells. The photoreceptors convert light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to bipolar cells. The bipolar cells synapse onto the on-center cells, leading to their activation. In the off-center on-surround pathway, the receptors involved are the photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and off-surround cells. The photoreceptors convert light into electrical signals, which are transmitted to bipolar cells. The bipolar cells synapse onto the off-surround cells, leading to their activation when the surround is dark. When light is on the center and dark on the surround in the on-center off-surround pathway, the on-center cells are activated, leading to an increase in their firing rate. The off-surround cells, being inhibited by the dark surround, have a reduced firing rate. In contrast, when light is on the center and dark on the surround in the off-center on-surround pathway, the off-surround cells are activated, leading to an increase in their firing rate. The on-center cells, being inhibited by the dark surround, have a reduced firing rate. In summary, the "on-center-off-surround" receptive field in the retina allows for the detection of contrast and edges in visual stimuli. The on-center cells respond to light in the center of the receptive field, while the off-surround cells respond to the absence of light in the surrounding area. The receptive field changes when projecting centrally to the visual cortex, and the pathways and receptors involved differ between the on-center off-surround and off-center on-surround pathways.
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Question Text
Nucleoside is made up of:
Updated OnMar 2, 2023
TopicBiomolecules
SubjectBiology
ClassClass 11
Answer TypeText solution:1 Video solution: 2
Upvotes239
Avg. Video Duration4 min