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Match the following and select the correct answer:
Classification of Animal Kingdom

A
A-2, B-1, C-4, D-5, E-3

B
A-2, B-4, C-1, D-5, E-3

C
A-5, B-1, C-3, D-2, E-4

D
A-3, B-4, C-1, D-5, E-2

Text SolutionText solutionverified iconVerified

The correct answer is: A-3, B-4, C-1, D-5, E-2
Choanocytes: collar cells in porifera
Cnidoblasts: stinging cells in coelentrates
Flame cells: osmoregularity cells in platyhelminthes
Nephridia: excretory structure in annelida
Comb plates: locomotive structure in ctenophora
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14.1.1 Human Respiratory System We have a pair of external nostrils opening out above the upper lips. It leads to a nasal chamber through the nasal passage. The nasal chamber opens into the pharynx, a portion of which is the common passage for food and air. The pharynx opens through the larynx region into the trachea. Larynx is a cartilaginous box which helps in sound production and hence called the sound box. During swallowing glottis can be covered by a thin elastic cartilaginous flap called epiglottis to prevent the entry of food into the larynx. Trachea is a straight tube extending up to the mid-thoracic cavity, which divides at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra into a right and left primary bronchi. Each bronch undergoes repeated divisions to form the secondary and tertiary bronchi and bronchioles ending up in very thin terminal bronchioles. The tracheae, primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi, and initial bronchioles are supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings. Each terminal bronchiole gives rise to a number of very thin, irregular-walled and vascularised bag-like structures called alveoll. The branching network of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli comprise the lungs (Figure 14.1). We have two lungs which are covered by a double layered pleura, with pleural fluid between them. It reduces friction on the lung-surface. The outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the thoracle Bronchus Cut end of rib Lung heart Diaphragm Epiglottis Larynx Trachea D Pleural membranes Alveoll Pleural fluid Bronchiole Figure 14.1 Diagrammatic view of human respiratory system (sectional view of the left lung is also shown) lining whereas the inner pleural membrane is in contact with the lung surface. The part starting with the external nostrils up to the terminal bronchioles constitute the conducting part whereas the alveoli and their ducts form the respiratory or exchange part of the respiratory system. The conducting part transports the atmospheric air to the alveoll, clears temperature. Exchange part is the site of actual diffusion of O, and CO, It from foreign particles, humidifles and also brings the air to body between blood and atmospheric air. The lungs are situated in the thoracic chamber which is anatomically an air-tight chamber. The thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by the vertebral column, ventrally by the sternum, laterally by the ribs and on the lower side by the dome-shaped diaphragm. The anatomical setup of lungs in thorax is such that any change in the volume of the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the lung (pulmonary) cavity. Such an arrangement is essential for breathing, as we cannot directly alter the pulmonary volume. Respiration involves the following steps: (1) Breathing or pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO, rich alveolar air is released out. (1) Diffusion of gases (O, and CO.,) across alveolar membrane. (1) Transport of gases by the blood. (v) Diffusion of O, and CO, between blood and tissues. (v) Utilisation of O, by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant release of CO, (cellular respiration as dealt in the Chapter 12). 44.2 MECHANISM OF BREATHING Breathing involves two stages: inspiration during which atmospheric air is drawn in and expiration by which the alveolar air is released out. The movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a pressure gradient between the lungs and the atmosphere. Inspiration can occur if the pressure within the lungs (intra-pulmonary pressure) is less than the atmospheric pressure, 1.e., there is a negative pressure in the lungs with respect to atmospheric pressure. Similarly, expiration takes place when the intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure. The diaphragm and a specialised set of muscles-external and Internal intercostals between the ribs, help in generation of such gradients. Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of diaphragm which increases the volume of thoracte chamber in the antero-posterior axis. The contraction of external inter-costal muscles lifts up the ribs and the 185
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Question Text
Match the following and select the correct answer:
Updated OnMar 14, 2023
TopicAnimal Kingdom
SubjectBiology
ClassClass 11
Answer TypeText solution:1 Video solution: 1
Upvotes178
Avg. Video Duration25 min